本研究目的在探討遊戲治療師的反移情經驗，包含對反移情的理解、反移情經驗(感覺、想法、行為)、反移情的原因、處理反移情的困境與因應、處理反移情的方式以及處理反移情後對個人與專業之影響，綜合上述結果期能增進對遊戲治療師反移情經驗的瞭解。
本研究採質性研究的深度訪談法進行研究，謄錄八位遊戲治療師的訪談逐字稿後，以內容分析法進行資料分析與歸納，最後綜合資料分析結果有以下發現：
一、本研究發現遊戲治療師對反移情的理解有三方面，第一，對反移情的定義，如：反移情是對兒童案主的反應、特質、背景、治療關係有主觀感受與想法、反移情是遊戲治療師有未解決的心理衝突或未竟事務、反移情是受早期經驗影響；第二，對反移情的看法如：反移情與遊戲治療師的特質與價值觀有關、反移情是普遍的、難免的、自然的、反移情是「真誠」關心兒童案主的表現、負向反移情是不專業的表現、如未覺察反移情將影響治療關係，可能剝削案主利益，對案主有害、如果能區辨反移情是滿足誰的需求，反移情不見得不好、反移情受早期經驗影響、不同階段對反移情的瞭解與態度不同；第三，反移情的功能如：能讓遊戲治療師更瞭解自己、提供治療訊息、提供矯正性經驗、是傳達「真誠」的最佳媒介。
二、本研究發現反移情的經驗包括三方面，第一，反移情的感覺有對兒童案主的感覺、對兒童案主重要他人的感覺以及對治療的各種感覺中較多負向感覺，較少正向感覺。第二，反移情的想法有各種認同類型如：認同兒童案主、認同重要他人、不認同兒童案主、不認同重要他人等與期待如：對兒童案主或重要他人的期待、對治療的期待，其他如：沒信心幫助兒童案主、想幫助兒童案主以及想滿足個人需求。第三，反移情的行為，包括提早結束治療、不斷注意剩餘時間、教育兒童案主、幫兒童案主解決問題、過度關注兒童案主、讚美或鼓勵兒童案主、安慰兒童案主、治療時無法專注於兒童案主身上、失控、逃避、抗拒、遺忘、過度催化、牽掛兒童案主、向收養父母道謝或評價重要他人、破壞專業界限、發展其他關係。
三、本研究發現反移情的原因包括遊戲治療師與兒童案主兩方面，前者有早期經驗、個人議題、價值觀、個人需求、個人喜好、個人特質或生活經驗，後者有兒童案主的反應或行為模式、特殊議題，與兩者都有關的原因是特質衝突。
四、本研究發現處理反移情時所遇到的困境與因應方面，前者包括工作系統中的阻礙如：缺乏督導或同儕督導、督導取向不同、督導時間有限、來自重要他人的壓力，如家長、老師等。此外，當遊戲治療師本身身心狀態不佳、認知負荷量有限或個人議題未修通或整理時會阻礙處理反移情，新手遊戲治療師的訓練內涵與重點以及經驗不足亦阻礙處理反移情。其他如：反移情不是治療焦點也容易被遊戲治療師忽略而阻礙處理反移情。為因應上述困境遊戲治療師提出一些因應對策如：專業進修、同儕督導、提升專業能力、自我觀察等方式因應無法藉由督導協助處理反移情之困境，以調整工作量來因應過度忙碌或案量過大的困境，以暫停接案工作來因應身心狀態不佳的困境，以加強新手遊戲治療師訓練內涵或持續累積接案經驗並拓展生命視野以提升遊戲治療師處理反移情能力。
五、本研究結果發現處理反移情的方式分為當下處理與事後處理，前者包括切割或壓抑情緒、暫時擱置、停下來反思、自我監控、自我覺察、安撫情緒、詮釋兒童案主的行為等；後者包括為靠他人協助或自行處理，靠他人協助包括找督導或諮詢醫師、同儕督導、個別諮商、社工提醒、舉辦個案研討會、參加工作坊或轉介等，自行處理包括自我覺察、自我分析、再接案前信心喊話、閱讀相關書籍等。
六、本研究結果發現處理反移情後對遊戲治療師之個人影響，包括讓遊戲治療師再面對個人議題逐漸自我接納或能自行處理，專業角色認同、專業自信、處理或看待事情的態度、看待自己的眼光、對待家人的方式有所轉變，亦自我檢討或期許自己、感謝兒童案主所給予的學習與成長或力量，重視自我照顧。專業方面的影響包括對兒童案主與家長的態度和兒童案主解決問題的看法轉變，亦轉變對助人效能的看法，專業度也有所提升，如：知道如何處理反移情、對兒童案主更瞭解、更瞭解醫療體系、重掌專業界限、知道危險行為要設限、要區分個人議題、個人議題影響治療、重視覺察兒童案主人際模式與瞭解兒童案主背景或經驗、更重視整理接案經驗、治療焦點回到兒童案主身上、回歸兒童案主的需求、重視進修與督導機制、重視自我探索、能專注地掌握細微訊息、可利用治療關係、對特殊議題兒童更瞭解；其他，如：體悟遊戲治療師真誠的重要性等。

本研究亦根據上述研究結果進行討論，並給予實務工作者與未來研究方向建議。

The purpose of this research was to explore the counter-transference experiences of play therapists, including the understanding of counter-transference, counter-transference experiences (feelings, opinions, and behaviors), reasons for counter-transference, dilemmas and adaptive strategies of counter-transference, methods for coping with counter-transference, and the effect on the individual and professional abilities after dealing with counter-transference. We hope that results mentioned above can increase our understanding of counter-transference experiences of play therapists.
We used an in-depth interview qualitative research method to carry out this research. After transcribing the content of interviews with eight play therapists into verbatim text we proceeded to perform data analysis and induction of the contents with content analytic method. The findings of the overall data analysis are listed below：
1. During our research we found that there are three aspects of the play therapists understanding of counter-transference: First, the definition of counter-transference, for example counter-transference can be defined as having subjective feelings and opinions towards the reactions, characteristics, background, and therapy relationship of the child participating in therapy. Counter-transference occurs when the play therapist has physiological conflicts or unfinished business, and counter-transference is influenced by early-age experiences. Second, the opinions of counter-transference: Counter-transference is related to the characteristics and values of the play therapist. Counter-transference is a universal phenomena, hard to avoid, natural, and counter-transference is a display of “sincerely” caring for the child participating in therapy. Negative counter-transference is not a professional display, and if the effects of counter-transference on the therapy relationship are not perceived and dealt with it could exploit the interests of the client, or even harm the client. If it can be identified whose needs that counter-transference is satisfying, counter-transference is not necessarily a bad thing. Counter-transference is influenced by early-age experience, and different stages of the understanding of counter-transference are different. Third, the functions of counter-transference include allowing the play therapists to better understand themselves, providing therapy information, providing corrective experience, and acting as a great medium for transferring “sincerity”.
2. Our research found that the experience of counter-transference includes three aspects: First, feelings of counter-transference include feelings towards the child participating in therapy, feelings toward the child’s significant others, and various feelings during therapy which usually are negative feelings and not positive feelings. Second, there are many different identity types of counter-transference opinions: identifying with the child participating in therapy, identifying with a significant other, not identifying with the child, and not identifying with the significant other. There are also different types of expectations including expectations of the child participating in therapy or his/her significant others, expectations towards the therapy process, not having faith in being able to help the child, wanting to help the child, wanting to satisfy personal needs. Third, counter-transference behaviors include ending the therapy before the scheduled time, constantly checking how much time is left in the session, teaching the child participating in therapy, helping the child to solve problems, being overly concerned with the child, praising or encouraging the child, consoling the child, not being able to focus on the child during the therapy session, losing control, showing evasive behaviors, rejecting, forgetting, catalyze overly, obsessed with the child, thanking the adoptive parents or evaluating significant others, undermining professional boundaries, and developing other relationships.
3. We found in our research that the reasons for counter-transference include both aspects of the play therapist and the child accepting therapy. The former includes early-age experiences, personal issues, values, personal needs, personal preferences, personal characteristics, and life experiences. The latter includes the reaction or behavior model of the child personal therapy, special issues. A reason that is related to both aspects is characteristic conflicts.
4. Our research identified both dilemmas and adaptive strategies that occur during cases of counter-transference. Dilemmas include obstacles of the work system, such as lacking supervision or peer supervision, not enough supervision oriented activities, limitation of the time of supervision, pressure from significant others such as parents, teachers, etc. Furthermore other inhibitors of dealing with counter-transference include a poor level of physical and mental state of the play therapist, the cognitive load being limited and personal issues not being resolved. The training content and emphasis of novice play therapist and a lack of experience can also inhibit the handling of counter-transference. Other dilemmas include counter-transference is often not the focus of therapy and can therefore be overlooked by the therapist, and thus inhibiting the dealing with of counter-transference. In order to adapt to and cope with the above dilemmas play therapists have developed the following adaptive strategies: pursuing further professional education, peer supervision, increasing professional abilities, self observation, etc to adapt to situations where supervision assistance cannot be used to solved counter-transference problems. Other strategies used are adjusting the workload in order to adapt to being overly busy or having to attend to too many cases, temporarily stop accepting cases in order to adapt to a poor physical and mental state, strengthening and improving the training of new therapists or continuing to accept more cases to increase work experience and views of life in order to improve the ability of the play therapist to deal with occurrences of counter-transference.
5. We found through our research that the dealing with of counter-transference can be classified into “on the spot coping” and “after the fact coping”. The former includes cutting or inhibiting emotions, temporarily putting the matter aside, taking a time-out to perform introspection, self monitoring, self perceiving, pacifying emotions, and interpreting the behavior of the child accepting therapy. The latter includes two aspects: relying on the assistance of others and dealing with the problem oneself. Relying on others includes seeking the assistance of a supervisory or advisory doctor, peer supervision, individual advising, social worker’s reminders, holding individual case seminars, attending workshops, and referrals. Dealing with the problem oneself includes self perception, self analysis, performing a shout of faith before accepting another case, and reading about related topics in books.
6. We identified many ways in which the dealing with of counter-transference can personally affect the play therapist, including causing the play therapist to become more and more self-accepting or more and more able to deal with problems themselves when facing personal issues, identification with professional roles, professional confidence, attitude when dealing with or facing problems, the way in which the therapists sees themselves, change in the treatment of family members, self criticism or self expectation, thanking the child accepting therapy for giving them an opportunity to learn and progress, and an emphasis on personal care. Professional aspects influences include a change in opinion towards the child accepting therapy and his/her parents as well as the method of helping the child to solve problems, transformation in the performance of helping others, and improvement of professionalism which includes: knowing how to solve counter-transference problems, better understanding the child accepting treatment, better understanding of the medical therapy system, re-establishment of professional boundaries, knowing how to limit dangerous behavior, knowing that personal issues should be distinguished, knowing that personal issues affect therapy, emphasizing the detection of the child’s social interaction model and understanding the child’s background and experience, emphasizing more the organization of case experience, the focal point of therapy returning to the child who is accepting therapy, returning to the needs of the child, attaching importance to further study and supervisory systems, paying attention to self exploration, the ability to focus on grasping minute details, able to make good use of the therapy relationship, having a better understanding of children with special issues. Others include understanding the importance of the “sincerity” of the play therapist.

In conclusion we also carry out a discussion of the research results mentioned above, and give advice to practical workers in this area as well as researchers who plan to research this issue in the future.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機…………………………………………………………….1
第二節 研究目的與問題…………………………………………………….7
第三節 名詞界定…………………………………………………………….8
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 遊戲治療師的養成………………….................................................9
第二節 心理治療中的反移情.........................................................................17
第三節 遊戲治療中的反移情……………………………………………….35
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究取向與方法…………………….................................................42
第二節 研究參與者與研究倫理…………………………………….………43
第三節 研究工具……………………………………………………….……50
第四節 研究程序…………………………………………………………….51
第五節 資料整理與分析………………..……...............................................54
第四章 研究結果與討論
第一節 遊戲治療師對反移情的理解………..……………………………...63
第二節 遊戲治療師的反移情經驗………………………………………….69
第三節 遊戲治療師反移情的原因……………………………………....….96
第四節 遊戲治療師處理反移情的困境與因應………………………..…...102
第五節 遊戲治療師處理反移情後對個人與專業之影響………………….119
第六節 綜合發現與討論...…………………………………..........................131
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 結論………………………………………………………………….203
第二節 研究建議…………………………………………………………….207
第三節 研究者心得與反思………………………………………………….212


參考文獻
中文部分……………………………………………………………………..215
英文部分……………………………………………………………………..216
附錄
附錄一 前導性訪談大綱…………………………………………………….224
附錄二 正式訪談大綱…………………………………………………….…226
附錄三 訪談日誌…………………………………………………………….228
附錄四 研究邀請函………………………………………………………….229
附錄五 研究同意書………………………………………………………….230
附錄六 研究檢核函………………………………………………………….231

壹、中文部分
丁興祥、張慈宜、曾寶盈等譯(民95)。質性心理學-研究方法的實務指南。臺北：遠流。
王文秀(民91)。遊戲治療之實務經驗與受虐兒童不同遊戲治療模式效果之探討研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫研究結案報告。計畫編號NSC90-2413-H-134-016。
王雲東(民96)。社會研究方法。北縣深坑：威仕曼文化。
李文瑄(民94)。個別心理治療。臺北：天馬。
何長珠(民87)。遊戲治療理論與實務。臺北：五南。
何長珠、吳珍梅(民92)。折衷式遊戲治療模式對國小認輔教師訓練效果之研究。彰化師大輔導學報，24，1-34。
林玉華、樊雪梅譯(民88)。當代精神分析導論-理論與實務。臺北：五南。
林巧翊譯(民94)。遊戲的治癒力量-受虐兒童的治癒工作。臺北：心理。
林秀慧、林明雄譯(民90)。客體關係治療-關係的運用。臺北：心理。
林淑君(民88)。心理治療者的反移情研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
林義男譯(民78)。內容分析法導論。臺北：巨流。
施顯烇(民87)。情緒與行為問題/兒童與青少年所面臨與呈現的挑戰。臺北：五南。
高淑貞譯(民83)。遊戲治療-建立關係的藝術。臺北：桂冠。
梁培勇(民94）。遊戲治療：理論與實務。臺北：心理。
郭修廷(民91)。兒童遊戲治療中的敘事與故事。輔導季刊，38(3)，7-13。
陳金燕(民85)。諮商員養成教育中自我覺察訓練之基本原則。諮商與輔導，125，14-16。
陳金燕、王麗斐（民87）。諮商學習者在「自我覺察」課程之學習歷程與追蹤效果研究。中華輔導學報，6，116-153。
陳金燕(民89)。諮商員養成教育中自我覺察訓練課程。輔導季刊，36(1)，1-5。
陳登義譯(民95)。長期精神動力取向心理治療-基本入門。臺北：心靈工坊。
陳潔譯(民96)。兒童心理治療。臺北：新苗文化。
陳信昭、陳碧玲等譯(民96)。兒童遊戲治療案例研究。臺北：心理。
陳瑞芬、蔡文蕙、遊麗媚(民90)。遊戲治療各學派理論統整。南投文教，15，68-74。
陳慶福，李雅真(民93)。遊戲治療入門。臺北：雙葉。
張秀卿(民79)。兒童治療之督導-治療困境之分析及反轉移處理。社區發展季刊，52，77-82。
張學善(民87)。諮商員反移情之分析研究。彰化:師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
曾璟婷(民93)。受虐兒童遊戲治療師實務經驗與專業發展之探究。彰化：師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
黃姝文(民96)。諮商師的自我覺察與反移情對倫理的影響。諮商與輔導，263，30-32。
黃筱茵(民97)。心理治療師對邊緣性人格違常個案的反移情研究。國立台中教育大學諮商與應用心理學系碩士論文。
黃慧涵(民81)。反轉移。諮商與輔導，78，45-47。
葉貞屏(民86)。兒童中心式遊戲治療中兒童問題行為改善歷程研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
楊筑甯(民96)。遊戲治療師對性受虐兒童之創傷處遇研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
楊惠卿、陳增穎、董淑鈴、林美珠與楊登媛等合譯(民96)。遊戲治療指南。臺北:心理。
潘淑滿(民92)。質性研究：理論與應用。臺北：心理。
劉焜輝(民82)。遊戲治療的理論與實施(十三)。諮商與輔導，88，27-32。
蔡榮裕(民83)。客體關係理論的”反轉移關係”(Countertransference)部分觀點。採菊東離下。第二卷，第十二期 (未出版)。
蔡榮裕(民87)。【登堂入室反移轉關係-由投射性認同到神入】-替自己在自己的潛意識版圖裡找到座標(導讀)。八十六學年度北區大專院校輔導諮詢中心校際觀摩活動暨大型個案討論會資料手冊(未出版) 。
賴姳臻(民97)。性侵害受害兒童的治療因子及干擾因子探究-從遊戲治療師的觀點。新竹：國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系研究所碩士論文。
鍾鳳嬌(民89)。兒童遊戲治療中與玩具互動及行為轉化歷程分析。生活應用科技學刊，1(2)，221-240。
魏心敏等譯(民97)。遊戲治療導論。臺北：華都文化。
簡華妏(民96)。華人文化脈落中諮商與心理輔導專業工作者之反移情處理能力、孝道信念與順道行為對諮商效能的影響之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
謝佩玲(民92)。心理治療師在心理治療歷程之反移情經驗研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
貳、英文部分
Alexander, E.(1964).School-center play therapy program. Personnel and Guidance Journal,43,256-261.
Allan, J., and Brown, K.(1993).Jungian play therapy in elementary schools. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling,28(1),30-41.
Allan, J., and Lawton-Speert, S.(1993).Play psychotherapy of a profoundly incest abused boy：a Jungian approach. International Journal of play Therapy,
2(1),33-48.
Arlow,J.A.(1985).Some technical problems of countertransference. Psychoanalytic Quarterly,54(2),164-174.
Axline, V. (1947). Nondirective therapy for poor readwes. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 11, 61-69.
Axline, V.M.(1948).Some observations on play therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology,12,209-216.
Axline, V.(1964).Dibs：In Search of Self. New York：Ballantine Book.
Axline, V.M.(1969).Play Therapy. New York：Ballantine Books.
Berry,J.W.(1970).Therapists’ reposes as a function of level of therapists experience and attitude of the patient. Journal of the consulting and Clinical Psychology
,34,239-243.
Brammer,L.M.,Shostrom, E.L. & Abrego,P.J.(1989).Therapeutic Psychology：Fundamentals & Counseling and Psychotherapy. NJ：Prentice Hall.
Bromfield , R.(1989).Psychodynamic play therapy with a high-functioning autistic child.Psychoanalytic ,4,439-453.
Burch, C.A.(1980).Puppet play in thirteen-year-old boy：remembering,repeating,and working through. Clinical Social Work Journal,8(2),79-89.
Burton, C.(1986).Peekaboo to “All the all the outs in free”：hide-and-seek as a creative structure in drama therapy. The Art in Psychotherapy ,13(2),129-136.
Butler,S.F., Flasher,L.V., & Strupp,H.H.(1993).Countertransference and qualities of the psychotherapist.Psychodynamic Treatment Research.NY：Basic Books.
Casement,P.J.(1986).Countertransference and interpretation. Contemporary Psychoanalysis,22,258-559.
Cerney,M.S.(1985).Countertransference Revisited. Journal of Counseling and Development./February/Vol.63.
Chessick,R.(1993).A dictionary for psychotherapists-dynamic concept in psycho-
therapy.NY：Jason Aronson.
Chetnik, K.M.(1973).The intensive treatment of an elective mute. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,12(3),482-498.
Clatworthy, S.(1981).Therapeutic play：effect on hospitalized children. Journal of Association for Care of Children’s Health,9(4),108-113.
Colbert,L.(1971).Debra find herself. Nursing Outlook ,19(1),50-53.
Corey,G. & Corey,M.S.(1993).Becoming a helper.CA：Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Dorfman , E.(1958).Personality outcomes of client-centered child therapy.
Psychological Monographs：General and Applied,72(3),1-22.
Fauth,J.& Williams E.N.(2005).The in-session self-awareness of therapist-trainees:
hindering or helpful ? Journal of counseling psychology,52(3),443-447.
Edmiston,R.A.(1990).The effects of counselor empathy,gender pairings,and client type on counselor countertransference behavior. Unpulished dissertation. The Catholic University of American.
Epstein, L.(1977).On the growing interest in countertransference as a therapist instrument. Contemporary Psychoanalysis,13,399-406.
Epstein,L. & Feiner,(1979).Countertransference：the therapist’s contribution to the treatment process.New York：Aronson.
Esman, A,H.(1983).Psychoanalytic play therapy. In C.Schaefer & K. O’Connor(EDs.),Handbook of play therapy(pp.11-20) .New York：Wiley.
Euchs, N.R.(1957).Play therapy at home. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,3,89-95.
Fall, M.,Balvanz,J.,Johnson.L.,Nelson,L.(1999)A play therapy internention and its relationship to self-efficacy and learning behaviors. Profession School Counseling,2(3),194-204.
Friedman, D.(1983).A self-psychology perspective. Association for play Therapy Newsletter,2(3),6-8.
Friedman, S.C. & Gelso, J.G.(1997).The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior. Paper presented at the 105 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association , Chicago, USA.
Fries, M.(1937).Play technique in the analysis of young children. Psychoanalytic Review,24,233-245.
Gamsky,N.R.& Farwell,G..F.(1966).Counselor verbal behavior as a function of client hostility. Journal of Counseling Psychology,13,184-190.
Gelso,C.J. & Carter,J.A.(1985).The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy：Components,consequences,and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist,13,155-243.
Gelso C.J. & Carter, J.A.(1994).Componets of the psychotherapy relationship：their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of counseling psychology,
1994,41,(3),296-306.
Gelso,C.J. Fassinger,R.E.,Gomez,M.J.& Lattes,M.G. (1995).Countertransference reaction to lesbian clients：The role of homophobia, counselor gender, and countertransference management. Journal of Counseling Psychology,42,356-364.
Gelso,C.J. & Hayes,J.A.(1998).The psychotherapy relationship：Theory ,research ,and practice. NY：John Wiley & Sons.
Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2001). Countertransference management. Psychotherapy, 38, 418-422.
Gil,E.(1991).The hearing power of play：Working with abused children.New York：Guildford Press.
Gil,E.& Rubin,L.(2005).Countertransference Play：Informing and Enhancing Therapists Self-Awareness Through Play. International Journal of Play Therapy
,14(2),87-102.
Gorman, J.N.(1972).Dissociation and play therapy：a case study. JPN and Mental Health Services,10(2),23-26.
Guerney Louise F. (1991). Parents as partners in treating behavior problems in early childhood settings. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 11(2), 74-90.
Haccoun,C.M. & Lavigueur,H.(1979).Effects of clinical experience and client emotion on therapists’ resposes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
47,416-418.
Hambidge, G.(1955).Structured play therapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 25,601-617.
Hayes,J.A.(1995).Countertransference in group psychotherapy：Waking a sleeping dog. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy,45,521-535.
Hayes,J.A. & Gelso, C.J.(1991).Effects of therapist-trainees’ anxiety and empathy on countertransference behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology,47,284-290.
Hayes, J.A., Gelso, C.J. , Van Wagoner, S.L. & Diemer ,R.A.(1991).Managing Countertransference ：What the experts think.Psychological reports,69,139-148.
Hayes,J.A. & Gelso, C.J.(1993).Male counselors’ discomfort with gay and HIV-infected clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology,45(4),468-482.
Hayes, J.A., Riker, J.R., & Ingram, K.M.(1997).Countertransference behavior and management in brief counseling ：A field study. Psychotherapy Research ,7
,145-153.
Hayes, J.A., McCracken, J.E., McClanahan ,M.K, Hill, C.E., Harp, J.S., Carozzoni, P.
(1997,August).Therapist perspectives on countertransference ：qualitative data in search of a theory. Paper presented at the 105 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association ,Chicago,USA.
Heimann, P.(1950).On countertransference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis
,31,81-84.
Heimann, P.(1960).Countertransference. British Journal of Medical Psychology,33,
9-15.
Hoyser, E.(1971).Therapeutic non-directive play with low achievers in reading.Ph.D.diss.,Orgen State University.Dissertation Abstracts International
,71,5426.
Kalff, D.(1980).Sandplay .Santa Monica ,CA：Sigo.
Kernberg,O.(1965).Notes on countertransference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,13,38-56.
Kempe, C.H., & Helfer,R.(Eds.).(1980).The battered child (3rd ed.).Chicago：University of Chicago Press.
Kevin J.O’Connor(2000).The Play Therapy Primer.NY：John Wiley.
Klein, M.(1937).The psychoanalysis of children(2nd ed,)London：Hogarth Press.
Klem, P.R.(1992).The use of the dollhouse as an effective disclosure technique.
International Journal of Play Therapy ,1,69-73.
Knell,S. M., and Moore,D.J.(1990).Cognitive-behavioral play therapy in the treatment of encopresis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology ,19(1),55-60.
Kot, S.(1995).Intensive play therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence.Unpublished dissertation , University of North Texas, Denton.
Kottler,J.A.(1990).On being a therapist. California：Jossey-Bass.
Kottman, T. (2001). Adlerian play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 10(2),1-12.
Langs,R.(1974).The technique of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. New York：Jason Aronson.
Lanyado, M.(1987).Asymbolic and symbolic play：developmental perspectives in the
treatment of disturbed children. Journal of Child psychotherapy,13(2),33-44.
Latts,M.G. & Gelso,C.J.(1995).Countertransference behavior and management with survivors of sexual assault.Psychotherapy,32.
LeVieux, J.(1994)Terminal illness and death of father：case of Celeste,age 51/2 .In Helping Bereaved Children：A Handbook for Practitioners,ed.N.B.Webb
,88-95.New York：Guildford.
Levy, D.(1939).Release therapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,9,713-736.
Landreth, G. L. (1982).Play therapy：Dynamics of the process of counseling with children.Springfield,Ill.：Thoma.
Landreth, G. L. (2002). Play therapy : The art of the relationship (2nd ed). IN : Accelerated Development Inc.
Manning,P.K.,& Cullum-Swan,B.(1994).Narrative,content,and semiotic analysis.In Denzin,N.K., & Lincoln,Y.S.(Eds.),Handbook of Qualitative Research.London:
Sage Publications.
Metcalf,L.M.(2003).Countertransference among play therapists：Implication for. therapist development and Supervision.International Journal of Play Therapy,
12(2),32-48.
Milston, A.(1989).Establishing bonding：a case of rebirth? British Journal of Occupational Therapy,52(11),437-439.
Moustakes, C.(1966).The child’s discovery of himself. New York：Ballantine.
Mulherin, M. A. (2001).The masterson approach with play therapy: A parallel process between mother and child. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55(2), 251-273.
Mundy, L.(1957).Therapy with physically and mentally handicapped children in a mental deficient hospital. Journal of Clinical Psychology,13-14,3-9.
Nurcombe, B., Wooding, S., Marrington, P., Bickman, L. & Roberts, G. (2000). Child sexual abuseⅡ: Treatment. Australian and Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 92-97.
Nagera, H.(1980).Child psychoanalysis. In G.P. Sholevar , R.M. Benson,& B.J.Blinder (EDs.),Emotional disorder in children and adolescents(pp.17-23). New York：Spectrum.
O’Connor, K. J. (1991). The Play Therapy Primer : An Intergration of Theories and Techniques. New York：John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
O’Connor, K. J. (2000). The Play Therapy Primer. (2nd ed.), New York：John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
O’Connor, K. (2001). Ecosystemic play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 10(2), 33-44.
Oualline, V.J.(1975)Behavioral outcomes of short-term nondirective play therapy with preschool deaf children.Unpublished Ph.D.diss.,North Texas State University,
Denton.
Par, M.A.(1990).Sand and water play：a case study. Association for Play Therapy Newsletter,9(1),4-6.
Peabody, S.A. & Gelso, C.J.(1982).Counterference and empathy：The complex relationship between two divergent concepts in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology,29,240-245.
Quayle, R.L.(1991).The primary mental health project as a school-based approach for prevention of adjustment problem：an evaluation.Unpublished Ph.D.diss.,
Pennsylvania State University. Dissertation Abstracts International,52
(OHA),1268.
Rasmussen, L. A. & Cunningham, C. (1995). Focused play therapy and non-directive play therapy: Can they be intergrated? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 4(1), 1-20.
Reyes, C. J. & Asbrand, J. P. (2005). A longitudinal study assissing trauma symptoms in sexually abused children engaged in play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 14(2), 25-47.
Robbins, S..B. & Jolkovski, M.P.(1987).Managing countertransference feeling：An interactional model using awareness of feeling and theoretical framework. Journal of counseling psychology,34(3),276-282.
Rosenberger,E.W., & Hayes,J.A.(1997).Through a looking glass somewhat clear：A case study of countertransference.Paper presented at the 105 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.Chicago,U.S.A.
Rosenberger,E.W., & Hayes,J.A.(2002b).Therapist as subject：A review of the empirical countertransference literature. Journal of counseling and Development
,80,264-270.
Rothenberg ,L.,& Schaefer, M.(1966).The therapeutic play group：A case study. Exceptional Children, 32 ,483-486.
Schaefer, C.E.(1980).Play therapy. In G.P. Sholevar , R.M. Benson,& B.J.Blinder (EDs.),Emotional disorder in children and adolescents. New York：Spectrum.
Schaefer, C. (2001). Prescriptive play therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 10(2), 57-73.
Schaefer & O’Connor, K.J.(1983).Handbook of play therapy .New York：Wiley.
Schiffer, M.(1957).A therapeutic play group in a public school. Mental Hygiene,
41,185-193.
Schneider,S.(1992).Transference,countertransference,projective identification and role responsiveness in the supervisory process. The Clinical Supervisor,10(2),71-83.
Schoenewolf,G.(1993).Counterresistance-The therapist’s interference with the therapeutic Process. London：Jason Aronson, Inc.
Siegel, C.L.F.(1970).The effectiveness of play therapy with other modalities in the treatment of children with learning disabilities.Dissertation Abstracts International,31(08),A3970.
Singer ,B.A., & Luborsky, l.(1977).Countertransference：The status of clinical vesus quantitative research .In A. Gurman & A. Razin (Eds.O,Effective psychotherapy：Handbook of research.) New York：Pergamon.
Smith, L.(1988).The relative effectiveness of two group play therapy approach in modifying the social adjustment of primary-grade children.Ph.D.diss., Pacific
Graduate School of Psychology,1987.Dissertation Abstracts International,48(07)
,B2112.
Solomon, J.(1938) Active play therapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 8, 479
-498.
Sue C. Bratton, Dee Ray, & Tammy Rhine (2003). Humanistic play therapy. Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice,369-402.DC: American Psychological Association.
Swift,W.J.&Wonderlich,S.(1993).House of game：A cinematic study of counter-transference. American Journal of Psychotherapy,47,38-57.
Tung, M.(1981).On being seen as a “Chinese therapist” by a Caucasian child.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,5(4),654-661.
Ude-Pestel , A.(1977).Betty：History and Art of a Child in Therapy. Palo Alto, CA：Science and Behavior Book ,Inc.
Van Wagoner, S.L., Gelso, C.J., Hayes, J.A., & Diemer, R.A(1991).Counter-
transference and the reputedly excellent therapists.Psychotherapy,28,411-421.
Wakaba, Y.(1983).Group play therapy for Japanese children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorder,8,93-118.
Walker ,L.S., & Healy, M. (1980).Psychological treatment of a burned child. Journal of Pediatric Psychology,5(4),395-404.
Wall, D.L.(1981).The development of a pre-operative play program for burned children.Unpublish Ph.D.diss.,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Watkins,C.E.JR.(1985).Countertransference：its impact on the counseling situation. Journal of counseling and development,v63,356-359.
West, J.(1983).Play therapy with Rosy .British Journal of Social Work,13,645-661.
Winnicott,D.W.(1949).Hate in the cunter-transference. In D.W. Winicott(1958),
Collected Papers .NY：Basic Books.
Yulis S.& Kiesler,D.J.(1968).Countertransference response as a function of therapists anxiety and content of patient talk. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology,32,413-419.
Yalom, I.D.(1975).The theory and practice of group psychotherapy(2nd ed.), New York：Basic Books.